Typhoid fever intro

                                 Typhoid fever intro

Typhoid fever is thought to affect between 11.9 million and 26.9 million people worldwide each year. An estimated 129,000 to 161,000 people are thought to die from typhoid fever every year, with a large percentage of those deaths taking place in South Asia. Despite the fact that typhoid is thought to be endemic in Asia, the actual burden of the illness is frequently underestimated because of the low diagnostic accuracy of the tests that are now available and the restricted access to laboratory facilities in the areas where the disease is most common. 

Typhoid and paratyphoid disease burdens in various Asian contexts were measured between 2000 and 2010 through programs that focused on diseases that impact the lowest communities. Blood culture-confirmed typhoid infections varied from 180 to 494 per 100,000 children aged 5 to 15 years, according to population-based studies carried out in urban slums in India, Pakistan, and Indonesia. The incidence rate was even greater among younger children (ages 2-4), with 149 to 573 incidences per 100,000 children . 

In the early 1990s, a prospective cohort study in the slums of Delhi revealed a startling annual incidence of 980 cases of culture-confirmed typhoid per 100,000 persons. With an incidence rate of 2,730 cases per 100,000 child-years, the burden was considerably greater among children under the age of five. A 2001 study carried out in an urban slum in Bangladesh revealed similar results, with an annual incidence rate of 1,870 cases per 100,000 preschool-aged children. According to these research, India has a considerable typhoid burden, especially among young children, even if estimates vary depending on the context .

According to a 2016 systematic assessment of the typhoid burden in India, laboratory-confirmed typhoid and paratyphoid fever prevalence's among febrile people in all hospital-based studies were 9.7% (with a 95% CI of 5.7-16.0%) and 0.9% (0.5-1.7%), respectively. Using a multivariate meta-regression model, this systematic study similarly found a notable decrease in the occurrence of typhoid fever in recent years. Culture-confirmed typhoid infections and associated sequelae, including intestinal perforations, have significantly decreased in tertiary care facilities over the last ten years. Consequently, tertiary care physicians now generally believe that the frequency of typhoid is declining.Since the 1990s, there has been an increase in the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella Typhi, which is resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole. With the emergence of MDR S. Typhi, fluoroquinolones became the preferred therapeutic option. Nonetheless, reports of the S. Typhi H58 clade's ongoing transmission in Asian and African nations have surfaced within the last 30 years. Effective typhoid therapy is seriously threatened worldwide by this specific lineage, which is frequently linked to fluoroquinolone resistance. Although there is currently little information available from India regarding this resistant strain, new isolates indicate that ciprofloxacin resistance is nearly universal. It's interesting to note that since recent isolates of S. Typhi have grown more vulnerable to antibiotics, drugs like ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole that were no longer effective against these isolates in the 1990s and early 2000s are now probably going to be effective once more.

Are symptoms of fever

1 Flushed face 

2 Hot skin

3 Low urine output

4 Loss of Appetite

5 Head ache

6 Infection 

7 Illness 

Are seek medical care 

• If you have trouble breathing 
• If they have chest pain 
• If they have belly pain 
• If you have skin rashes 
• If they have pain with passing urine or pain in the back

  An abnormal high body temperature, accompanied by body pulse rate ,dry skin etc. Any of various disease ,such as yellow fever or scarlet fever , characterized by a high temperature.

See the Doctor immediately they you .

1. Three to six months old with 102° F(38.9 °C).
2. Or they are an adult with a 103°F(39.4°C).

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